U.S. prosecutors rattle, but don't break, Mexican cartels

Reporting from Washington and San Diego

Using drug and racketeering statutes and extradition agreements, federal
prosecutors are sending a steady parade of Mexican drug lords into U.S.
prisons. Although that is having a chilling effect on the smuggling
cartels, there is no sign that the convictions are breaking the
organizations, which are growing more violent, according to U.S.
officials and other experts.

Ten cartel leaders from Mexico have been convicted in U.S. courts in the
last two years, while three in Chicago and a fourth in Brooklyn, N.Y.,
have been indicted in major drug racketeering operations involving tons
of heroin, cocaine and marijuana.

In the last few weeks in San Diego alone, four cartel figures were
convicted of leading organizations that smuggled tons of the drugs into
the U.S., carried out assassinations and spent millions of dollars
bribing Mexican authorities. The men were given sentences ranging from
30 years to life in prison with no chance of parole.

It was hoped that the prospect of U.S. prison time would begin deterring
drug violence along the border. U.S. officials say it is having some
effect, citing drug lords still at large who admit to being frightened
at the prospect of extradition to the U.S. They also say the tactic
disrupts the cartels' activities.

But authorities on both sides of the border acknowledge that the cartels
have simply promoted lieutenants to the vacant leadership positions and
that the violence, especially in the last two years, has turned uglier
— in the streets and within the cartels, where junior members are
fighting one another for control.

"In Mexico, there are hundreds of thousands of young men who are in
organized crime and are … ready to step up when a leader at any
level is captured and taken prisoner," said Tony Payan, a political
science professor at the University of Texas-El Paso, who for a decade
has studied border violence.

"While it is good to catch one of these guys, in the end it's a little
like winning a battle even if you're losing the war. To me it's a little
bit like tilting at windmills."

R. Gil Kerlikowske, director of the White House Office of National Drug
Control Policy, agreed in a separate interview that the convictions were
not breaking the cartels. "I don't think there's any doubt there are
people who will replace those folks," he said. "But it is the disruption
of the cartels that is helpful, and the chilling effect it causes."

Justice Department spokeswoman Laura Sweeney said the convictions had
helped federal agents and prosecutors gather valuable intelligence on
the inner workings of the cartels. She added, "The strongest message we
send is the one sent jointly by Mexico and the United States each and
every time an individual is extradited to either country to face
justice, leaving no safe haven on either side of our border."

The U.S. prosecutions are having some effect. This month, Ismael
Zambada, known as "El Mayo," a leader in the Sinaloa cartel, told a
Mexican journalist he was worried about his son Vicente Zambada, who was
extradited to Chicago in February in the racketeering case there.

Ismael Zambada has been indicted in that case too. He conceded that he
might be arrested "at any moment, or never." He would consider suicide
over the rest of his life in a U.S. prison. "I don't know if I would
have the guts to kill myself," he said. "I want to think that yes, I
would."

U.S. District Judge Larry A. Burns in San Diego has handed down stiff
sentences. Once these prisoners were millionaires and lived in fortified
Mexican villas. Now they come into his courtroom in orange jail
jumpsuits and are marched away in handcuffs.

In November 2007, Francisco Javier Arellano Felix, one of the leaders of
the Arellano Felix drug trafficking organization, who pleaded guilty to
money laundering and running a criminal enterprise, asked for
"forgiveness from all those people on both sides of the border who I
have affected by my wrongful decisions and criminal conduct. Please
forgive me."

"If I had the power to change and undo the things that I have done," he
said in a letter written in Spanish and translated by his attorney, "I
would."

Burns was not in the least moved. "Your name will live in infamy
associated with all these terrible things," he said. "It is a record of
callousness. It's a record of cruelty. … All of the mayhem and the
murder and the intimidation, all of that has happened, and today is the
day of accounting."

He gave the 37-year-old life in prison, and then tacked on another 20
years.

Jorge Aureliano Felix (unrelated to Arellano), 57, a former Mexican
police official who provided security for drug loads to pass through
Baja California, had spent 41/2 years in a Mexican prison before being
extradited to face charges of racketeering and drug smuggling in Burns'
courtroom. On March 29, as he heard Burns describe allegations of
"torture and murder," he suddenly had to be escorted out of the
courtroom so he could vomit. When he was returned, Burns sentenced him
to 30 years in prison, followed by deportation to Mexico if he lived
that long.

In Houston in February, Osiel Cardenas Guillen, head of the Gulf cartel
that pushes cocaine up through south Texas, was sentenced behind locked
doors, with armed guards circling the courtroom of U.S. District Judge
Hilda G. Tagle. Guillen had been convicted of drug dealing, money
laundering, murder and assault.

"I apologize to my country, Mexico, to the United States of America, my
family, to my wife especially, my children, for all the mistakes I
made," he told the judge.

She gave Cardenas, 42, who reportedly is cooperating with U.S. law
enforcement officials, 25 years in prison and ordered him to forfeit $50
million in assets. He already had served eight years in Mexico since his
capture for running cocaine through his home state of Tamaulipas.

"Innocence lost — that is your legacy to your country, to our
communities on both sides of the border and to society," the judge told
him.

Next up is Efrain Perez, who appears before Burns on May 3 in San Diego.
He pleaded guilty in October to cocaine and marijuana smuggling, and is
looking at 30 years and a $250,000 fine. His life in the cartel is over.

"This is not a business you can retire from," said Payan, the El Paso
professor. "Very few grow old in this business."